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Foreword xi
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xix
About the Authors xxi

Chapter 1: Security 1
1. Limit the lifetime of sensitive data 2
2. Do not store unencrypted sensitive information on the client side 5
3. Provide sensitive mutable classes with unmodifiable wrappers 9
4. Ensure that security-sensitive methods are called with validated arguments 11
5. Prevent arbitrary file upload 13
6. Properly encode or escape output 16
7. Prevent code injection 20
8. Prevent XPath injection 23
9. Prevent LDAP injection 27
10. Do not use the clone() method to copy untrusted method parameters 31
11. Do not use Object.equals() to compare cryptographic keys 34
12. Do not use insecure or weak cryptographic algorithms 36
13. Store passwords using a hash function 37
14. Ensure that SecureRandom is properly seeded 42
15. Do not rely on methods that can be overridden by untrusted code 44
16. Avoid granting excess privileges 50
17. Minimize privileged code 54
18. Do not expose methods that use reduced-security checks to untrusted code 56
19. Define custom security permissions for fine-grained security 64
20. Create a secure sandbox using a security manager 67
21. Do not let untrusted code misuse privileges of callback methods 72

Chapter 2: Defensive Programming 79
22. Minimize the scope of variables 80
23. Minimize the scope of the @SuppressWarnings annotation 82
24. Minimize the accessibility of classes and their members 84
25. Document thread-safety and use annotations where applicable 89
26. Always provide feedback about the resulting value of a method 96
27. Identify files using multiple file attributes 99
28. Do not attach significance to the ordinal associated with an enum 106
29. Be aware of numeric promotion behavior 108
30. Enable compile-time type checking of variable arity parameter types 112
31. Do not apply public final to constants whose value might change in later releases 115
32. Avoid cyclic dependencies between packages 118
33. Prefer user-defined exceptions over more general exception types 121
34. Try to gracefully recover from system errors 123
35. Carefully design interfaces before releasing them 125
36. Write garbage collection–friendly code 128

Chapter 3: Reliability 131
37. Do not shadow or obscure identifiers in subscopes 132
38. Do not declare more than one variable per declaration 134
39. Use meaningful symbolic constants to represent literal values in program logic 138
40. Properly encode relationships in constant definitions 142
41. Return an empty array or collection instead of a null value for methods that return an array or collection 143
42. Use exceptions only for exceptional conditions 146
43. Use a try-with-resources statement to safely handle closeable resources 148
44. Do not use assertions to verify the absence of runtime errors 151
45. Use the same type for the second and third operands in conditional expressions 153
46. Do not serialize direct handles to system resources 157
47. Prefer using iterators over enumerations 159
48. Do not use direct buffers for short-lived, infrequently used objects 162
49. Remove short-lived objects from long-lived container objects 163

Chapter 4: Program Understandability 167
50. Be careful using visually misleading identifiers and literals 167
51. Avoid ambiguous overloading of variable arity methods 171
52. Avoid in-band error indicators 173
53. Do not perform assignments in conditional expressions 175
54. Use braces for the body of an if, for, or while statement 178
55. Do not place a semicolon immediately following an if, for, or while condition 180
56. Finish every set of statements associated with a case label with a break statement 181
57. Avoid inadvertent wrapping of loop counters 183
58. Use parentheses for precedence of operation 186
59. Do not make assumptions about file creation 189
60. Convert integers to floating-point for floating-point operations 191
61. Ensure that the clone() method calls super.clone() 194
62. Use comments consistently and in a readable fashion 196
63. Detect and remove superfluous code and values 198
64. Strive for logical completeness 202
65. Avoid ambiguous or confusing uses of overloading 205

Chapter 5: Programmer Misconceptions 209
66. Do not assume that declaring a reference volatile guarantees safe publication of the members of the referenced object 209
67. Do not assume that the sleep(), yield(), or getState() methods provide synchronization semantics 216
68. Do not assume that the remainder operator always returns a nonnegative result for integral operands 220
69. Do not confuse abstract object equality with reference equality 222
70. Understand the differences between bitwise and logical operators 225
71. Understand how escape characters are interpreted when strings are loaded 228
72. Do not use overloaded methods to differentiate between runtime types 231
73. Never confuse the immutability of a reference with that of the referenced object 234
74. Use the serialization methods writeUnshared() and readUnshared() with care 239
75. Do not attempt to help the garbage collector by setting local reference variables to null 243

Appendix A: Android 245

Glossary 249
References 255
Index 263